More than 200 languages are spoken in Europe. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Europe extends from the island nation of Iceland in the west to the Ural Mountains of Russia in the east. Whats the Difference Between Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Germany's largest wooded area,. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In fact, the tallest mountain in Europe is in Kazakhstan and is called Khan Tengri, standing 22,999 feet high, some 4,500 feet higher than the next tallest, Mount Elbrus in Russia. Europe is home to the birthplace of democracy and Western culture in the ancient civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. 12. The country is also home to a number of outstanding schools for automotive design, such as the Hochschule Esslingen and Hochschule Pforzheim.Political GeographyEuropes long history and economic progress have been shaped by its political geography. This is a main theme of The Odyssey, an epic poem written by Homer, in which these key elements of the sea both help and hurt the hero.Other cultures developed around the unique resources at their disposal. Brussels is considered to be the largest city of Belgium, according to the population of the Brussels-Capital Region. Figures for the population of Europe vary according to which definition of European boundaries is used. It is the continent's second largest island (after Great Britain). The biggest is Lake Ladoga, which covers just under 7,000 square miles and sits close to St. Petersburg. The city of Milan is regarded as a major fashion capital, hosting an international fashion week twice a year. This linguistic diversity is present in the Alpine regions of many contemporary European countries today.Switzerland, for example, has four official languages: German, French, Italian, and Romansch. Veuillez activer JavaScript. With its central European location but geographic remoteness, the Alps region developed into a unique crossroads for Europes dominant languages, and a refuge for its archaic languages. A contrast exists between the configuration of peninsular, or western, Europe and that of eastern Europe, which is a much larger and more continental area. All the major bodies of water in Europe have been fished for centuries. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Switzerland, federated country of central Europe. The proportion of people older than 65 will grow from 16 percent to 28 percent. The European Union has established the Schengen Areaa zone where Europeans can travel from country to country without having to show their passports. Xenophobia is an intense dislike or fear of people from other places or cultures.Two events demonstrate this debate. Lake Ladoga is the worlds 14th largest lake by area, and Russia also has the deepest lake in the world Lake Baikal. On February 17, 2008, the province of Kosovo declared independence from Serbia and became Europe's youngest country. This program must not only highlight the citys unique cultural heritage, but also feature new events that unite a range of cultural practices from across Europe. The European bison (Bison bonasus), the heaviest land animal on the continent, is one of the most threatened species.Beginning in the 20th century, many governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have worked to restore some of Europe's rich biodiversity. (South of Northern Ireland is the separate country of Ireland, which gained its independence from the U.K. in 1937.) Fewer than a million people are fluent in Romansch. Historically, Europe has been a center of immigration. Key Facts. European Commission: European Capital of Culture. Fortuitously, Europe has no continuous mountain obstacle aligned north-south, corresponding, for example, to the Western Cordillera of North America and the Andes Mountains of South America, that would limit access into western Europe from the ocean. Le site web de CORDIS ncessite lactivation de JavaScript pour fonctionner correctement. These ideas have been tested during times of peace and military conflict, and continue to be redefined today.Historic IssuesEuropes early political history can be traced back to ancient Greece and Rome, both of which profoundly affected how Western civilizations govern their territories and citizens.Described as the birthplace of democracy, ancient Greece revolved around the polis, or city-state. One Capital of Culture of 2011, Turku, Finland, focused on cultures positive influence on health and well-being. National Geographic News: New Fault Found in EuropeMay 'Close Up' Adriatic Sea, National Geographic News: Volcanic Ash Stops Europe FlightsWhy Ash Is Dangerous, European Environment Agency: European Land Cover, National Geographic Education: Mapping EuropeLand Mammal Range. In order to distinguish herds, families and communities developed a pattern of cuts and notches on the animals ears.Reindeer were also the Samis main method of transporting goods during their nomadic journeys. Corrections? The worn-down Ural Mountains also belong in that category, and their highest point, Mount Narodnaya (6,217 feet [1,895 metres]), corresponds approximately to that of the Massif Central in south-central France. The gods could both reward and punish travelers and traders with favorable or unfavorable sea conditions. The North European Plain remains the most densely populated region of Europe.Central UplandsThe Central Uplands extend east-west across Central Europe and include western France and Belgium, southern Germany, the Czech Republic, and parts of northern Switzerland and Austria.The Central Uplands are lower in altitude and less rugged than the Alpine region and are heavily wooded. Europe is the second-smallest continent. Spain is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula to the south of France and Andorra and to the east of Portugal. Some reindeer herds have a home range of up to 5,000 square kilometers (1,930 square miles). The two largest peninsulas are mainland Europe and Scandinavia to the north, divided from each other by the Baltic Sea. Greater relief is found in those areas in the heart of western and central Europe where uplifted and faulted massifs survive from the Hercynian orogeny, a late Paleozoic period of mountain formation. The major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea complex, and the Barents Sea. Other political institutions of Rome persist throughout Europe and former European colonies. Author of, Emeritus Professor of Geography, Portland State University, Oregon. It was a barbarian worldthat is, a non-Greek one, with its inhabitants making bar-bar noises in unintelligible tongues. Topography and bathymetry are shown in a combination of color with shaded relief. In many places, including the Mediterranean and North seas, waters have been overfished. Many of the most socially and economically powerful elements of these societies will be led by immigrants.Developing countries, such as those in eastern and southern Europe, are expected to bear the worst of the depopulation trend. I think this makes it easy to assume they are not part of continental Europe. Glaciation is the process of land being transformed by glaciers or ice sheets. Even though the country borders have been redrawn since the Soviet days, the continental borders never have. Ive enjoyed my journey through some facts of European geography hope you did too! San Marino and Vatican City, two fully sovereign nations, are both completely surrounded by Italy. Switzerland's administrative capital is Bern, while Lausanne serves as its judicial centre. Sub-regions such as Iberia and Italy contain their own complex features, as does mainland Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys, and basins that complicate the general trend. The Volga River in Russia. Examination of Turkey's topographic structure on a physical map of the world shows clearly the . Check out this amazing list of Austria facts that include history, food, culture, and more. Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. Desert climates are found in the European portion of Kazakhstan and South Eastern Spain. Whats the Difference Between Great Britain and the United Kingdom? Volcanic rocks add to the diversity of those regions. When it . Those are coastal and interior lowlands, central uplands and plateaus, the northwestern highlands, and southern Europe. 11. Europe Facts for KS2 Children. The tallest mountain in Europe is Mount Elbrus in Russia. La Boule measures 7.5 miles and is served by a lovely and ancient seaside town where many of the French elite have holiday homes. Mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude. For discussion of major cities of the continent, see specific articles by namee.g., Rome, Warsaw, and London. Lets take a short tour around some of the most notable geographical facts about Europe. Europe's northernmost point is the Svalbard archipelago of Norway, and it reaches as far south as the islands of Greece and Malta.Europe is sometimes described as a peninsula of peninsulas. Physiographically, it is the northwestern peninsula of the larger landmass known as Eurasia (or the larger Afro-Eurasia); Asia occupies the centre and east of this continuous landmass. Manmade features such as roads, dams, and cities may also be included. To contact our editors please use our contact form. That civilization is distinguished from the rest of Europe by legacies of a medieval Mongol-Tatar domination that precluded the sharing of many of the innovations and developments of European Western civilization; it became further distinctive during the relative isolation of the Soviet period. Europe's most significant geological feature is the dichotomy between the highlands and mountains of Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from Great Britain in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east. Germany's location at the heart of Europe has shaped its history both for good and bad. Many Muslim organizations, however, saw the cartoons as bigoted, racist, and insulting. In terms of shape, Europe is a collection of connected peninsulas and nearby islands. You cannot download interactives. Looking for interesting facts about Austria? Arts and Music, Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies, Economics, World History. It has been somewhat problematical to pin down the biggest glacier in Europe because biggest is open to interpretation of length, depth and width, plus they can change quite dramatically in a short space of time. In 2005, the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published 12 cartoons featuring Islamic subjects. 7 Fun and Fashionable DIY Animal Ears That You Should Make Look like a Fashionista by Color Coordinate Your Outfits like a Pro Introverts Vs Extroverts Which One Are You. For discussion of individual countries of the continent, see specific articles by namee.g., Italy, Poland, and United Kingdom. The Iron Curtain took on the physical shape of border defenses, walls, and limited diplomacy. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Early Europeans, in fact, shaped global ideas of citizenship and government. The overall population of Europe is set to drop from roughly 590 million to 542 million by 2050. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. About 18% of all Europeans consider themselves as atheist or not religious. Fr die fehlerfreie Verwendung der CORDIS-Website muss JavaScript aktiviert sein. Yet the peninsular and insular western extremity of the continent, thrusting toward the North Atlantic Ocean, providesthanks to its latitude and its physical geographya relatively genial human habitat, and the long processes of human history came to mark off the region as the home of a distinctive civilization. Within the standard geographical boundaries, it is comprised of 737 million. It looks at mountains and valleys, as well as rivers and oceans. It even includes roads! The Kimmel Falls are in Hohe Tauen National Park and are one of Austrias most visited tourist attractions. Editor of, Professor of Geography, Birkbeck College, University of London, 194770. Il sito web di CORDIS prevede che JavaScript sia abilitato per funzionare correttamente. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Longest beach The longest beach in Ireland is a continuous 20km stretch of sand in County Wexford connecting Cahore Point to The Raven Point. During this time, a number of anti-communist revolutions swept central and eastern Europe. The other landlocked countries are "standalone" landlocked, not bordering any other such European one (the emphasis is necessary, since Kazakhstan borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, thus forming a vast landlocked expanse in Central Asia). The map was produced using a Lambert conformal conic projection, with standard parallels at 40 degrees north . The continent, excluding Russia, contains less than one-tenth of the total population of the world, but in general its people are well educated and highly skilled. They created clothing and tents out of reindeer hides, sewing together the cloth with twine made from the animals tendons.Keeping track of herds and individual animals became increasingly important in Sami life. Lands lying at high elevations can, of course, be lands of low relief, but on the European continent relief tends to become more rugged as elevation increases. Europes eastern boundary, however, is not a cultural, political, or economic discontinuity on the land comparable, for example, to the insulating significance of the Himalayas, which clearly mark a northern limit to South Asian civilization. In fact, the most famous symbol of the Iron Curtain was the Berlin Wall, which divided the East German city of Berlin into western and eastern-controlled parts.The economic and political demise of the Soviet Union led to the end of the Iron Curtain in the late 1980s. The Holocaust was the mass murder of Jews under the Nazi regime. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. The climate supports a wide variety of seasonal crops. It is the continent's second largest island (after Great Britain). As Ive talked about fire (volcanoes), it wouldnt be right to leave ice out of the geography facts of Europe. Moose, bear, and elk (Cervus canadensis) are native to the European taiga.Just south of the taiga is a mixture of coniferous and deciduous trees, including beech, ash, poplar, and willow. The coasts of the northwestern highlandsand in particular the fjords of Norwayinvite maritime enterprise. Today, this is the German-speaking region of the country.Around this same time, Roman conquerors took over present-day southern Switzerland. Here are 21 things about this amazing continent that may just surprise you. Glaciation too has left its mark over wide areas, and the processes of erosion and deposition have created a highly variegated and compartmentalized countryside. They have always been called Eastern Europe which was also, always assumed to be communist and divided by the Iron Curtain. Western Europe and parts of Central Europe generally fall into the temperate maritime climate (Cfb), the southern part is mostly a Mediterranean climate (mostly Csa, smaller area with Csb), the north-central part and east into central Russia is mostly a humid continental climate (Dfb) and the northern part of the continent is a subarctic climate (Dfc). 4. From the Greek perspective then, Europa was culturally backward and scantily settled. Italian fashion is also an important cultural export. Nations that use the euro as a unit of currency are called the eurozone.Leadership of the EU, split among different branches and institutions, is a working model of international cooperation. Let's take a short tour around some of the most notable geographical facts about Europe. The Alpine region also includes active volcanoes, such as Mount Etna and Mount Vesuvius in Italy. View more property details, sales history and Zestimate data on Zillow. Topography describes the physical features of an area of land. Kosovo is a. The highest peaks in those ranges are Mount Corno (9,554 feet [2,912 metres]) in the Abruzzi Apennines, Bobotov Kuk (8,274 feet [2,522 metres]) in the Dinaric Alps, Mount Botev (7,795 feet [2,376 metres]) in the Balkan Mountains, Gerlachovsk Peak (Gerlach; 8,711 feet [2,655 metres]) in the Western Carpathians, and Mount Moldoveanu (8,346 feet [2,544 metres]) in the Transylvanian Alps. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Europe is traditionally defined as one of seven continents. For the political geography of Europe, see, Countries consisting solely of islands or parts of islands, Countries bordering or spanning another continent, Countries whose capital is not the most populous, List of countries by the number of other countries they border, Last edited on 19 February 2023, at 19:57, List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe, List of European tornadoes and tornado outbreaks, List of the highest European ultra-prominent peaks, Special member state territories and the European Union, Language facts European day of languages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Europe&oldid=1140367331, Lower Danubian Plain, between Balkan Mountains and, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 19:57. The EU accepts few candidates: member states must maintain a stable, democratic form of government, a free-market economy, and commitment to the rule of law.The rapid growth of the European Union, however, has caused a number of administrative and political tensions. A fjord is a long and narrow inlet of the sea that is surrounded by high, rugged cliffs. These revolutions eventually lead to the end of the Cold War, symbolized by the falling of the Berlin Wall in 1989.Contemporary IssuesEurope is now broadly defined in the context of the European Union (EU), an economic and political body officially created by the Maastricht Treaty in 1993. Only Oceania has less landmass. Related topics are discussed in such articles as those on religion (e.g., Judaism and Roman Catholicism) and literature (e.g., Greek literature; Dutch literature; and Spanish literature). The eastward limits now adopted by most geographers exclude the Caucasus region and encompass a small portion of Kazakhstan, where the European boundary formed by the northern Caspian coast is connected to that of the Urals by Kazakhstans Emba River and Mughalzhar (Mugodzhar) Hills, themselves a southern extension of the Urals. Trade relations beyond its frontiers also drew the remoter regions into its sphere. There are also central highlands and deserts features in the south. The political cartoons sought to engage in the debate surrounding Muslim extremism. Continental shelvesformer land surfaces that have been covered by shallow seasare a feature of peninsular Europe, while the coasts themselves are both submerged or drowned, as in southwestern Ireland and northwestern Spain, and emergent, as in western Scotland and southern Wales, where raised former beaches are in evidence. Fun Facts about Europe Europe is home to the smallest country in the world, the Holy See or the Vatican. Europe has a long history of human development and is considered the birthplace of Western Civilization. During the Middle Ages, dominant European powers conquered the strategically important mountain territory of the Alps. From there it flows to the Caspian Sea. The ultimate fate of the European Space Agency's JUICE mission could drastically change should it succeed in discovering that Ganymede's ocean is both potentially habitable and accessible. The 15 rivers of Europe by average discharge, including only rivers directly flowing into the World Ocean or Endorheic basins: Aegean Islands, land, Balearic Islands, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus (Adjacent to Asia), Fyn, Faroe Islands, Gotland, Great Britain, Hinnya, Iceland, Ionian Islands, Ireland, Malta, North Jutlandic Island, Saaremaa, Sardinia, Senja, Sicily, Svalbard and Zealand. The creation of the European Economic Community in 1957 and the EU in 1993 greatly enhanced economic cooperation between many of the continents countries. Europe also supports high densities of population, concentrated in urban-industrial regions. Biology, Ecology, Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography. El sitio web de CORDIS requiere tener activado JavaScript para funcionar correctamente. Omissions? Slavic-based civilization dominates much of the territory occupied by the former Soviet Union from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific Ocean. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Physiographically, it is the northwestern peninsula of the larger landmass known as Eurasia (or the larger Afro-Eurasia ); Asia occupies the centre and east of this continuous landmass. Note: Italy's capital, Rome, is the country's largest city if only the municipality (comune) is considered. 1. A convenient division is made by a line linking the base of the peninsula of Jutland with the head of the Adriatic Sea. The Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Eastward, mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel, until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains and Ural River, the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Topography studies the . A study completed by the Berlin Institute for Population and Development found that Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, western Germany, Switzerland, Slovenia, Austria, and France have the best prospects of supporting vibrant and economically successful societies. The geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary. The Netherlands is bordered by Germany in the east; and Belgium in the south. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. The Sami culture of Scandinavia, for example, was deeply connected to the indigenous reindeer herds of the Arctic. The land in those areas, however, is of little use for crops. Antwerp is the biggest city of the country. In the Pyrenees and the Sierra Nevada of Spain, the highest of the peaks exceed 11,000 feet (3,400 metres). Topography often records the various elevations of an area using a topographical map. [citation needed] These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and the Alps/Carpathians. Associated vegetation and soil forms also show continual variety, but only portions of the dominant woodland that clothed most of the continent when humans first appeared now remain. Estos incluyen el aumento del nivel del mar; la reduccin de los glaciares de montaa; aceleracin del derretimiento del hielo en Groenlandia, la Antrtida y el rtico; y cambios en los . CORDIS website requires JavaScript enabled in order to work properly. Europe is home to two countries that are completely landlocked by Italy. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. Author of. Today much of topography is focused on creating 3D representations of the Earth's surface. 33 forms the majority of the population while 54 are ethnic minorities. From the smallest town in the world to the biggest church on earth, and from a knighted penguin to a country free of mosquitoes, there are hundreds of random and fun facts about Europe. In partitioning the globe into meaningful large geographic units, therefore, most modern geographers treated the former Soviet Union as a distinct territorial entity, comparable to a continent, that was somewhat separate from Europe to the west and from Asia to the south and east; that distinction has been maintained for Russia, which constituted three-fourths of the Soviet Union. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean. Above all, in southern EuropeAustria and Switzerland includedlevel, low-lying land is scarce, and mountain, plateau, and hill landforms dominate. The financial crisis, along with concerns about immigrants connections to terrorism and religious extremism, has caused Europe to develop a more guarded approach to immigration. The link between these peninsulas has made Europe a dominant economic, social, and cultural force throughout recorded history.Europes physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately.Today, Europe is home to the citizens of Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland), and Vatican City.Cultural GeographyEurope has a long history of human development and is considered the birthplace of Western Civilization. Four broad topographic units can be simply, yet usefully, distinguished in the continent of Europe. These journeys varied in length, depending on the migration patterns of specific reindeer herds. Although this area remains heavily forested, the continent's forests were drastically reduced as a result of intense urbanization throughout human history. It is one of the biggest glaciers in the world, covering almost 9,000 sq km (3,500 square miles). Elevations in those areas are mainly between about 500 and 2,000 feet (150 and 600 metres), and many steep slopes are to be seen. Swiss-Italian is distinguishable from Italian.Romansch, an endangered language, is also derived from Latin. These projected changes will have two major effects: There will be a smaller work force to create a dynamic and industrious economy, and governments and citizens will have to care for more elderly people.These changes will affect different regions of Europe in different ways. 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